Identifying Poisonous Plants
PDF file for Identifying poisonous plants (Pictures are available within this PDF file).
Figure1. Azaleas or Rhododendrons
Plant Description: Evergreen or deciduous shrubs, funnel-shape flowers various colors. Habitat: Temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. Mode: Ingestion Toxin: Andromedotoxin Symptoms: Burning of mouth, salivation, watery eyes, running nose, convulsions and death. Toxic:All parts Treatment: Induce vomiting or gastric lavage. Toxic Level: Extreme
Figure2. Bitter Sneezeweed
Toxic Parts: Plant Description: All Parts Erect, upper Toxic Parts: branching plant annual, 10-1 inches tall All Parts with yellow flowers. Toxic Parts: Habitat: USA, All Parts Treatment: Mode:Ingestion Induce vomiting or gastric lavage. Toxin: Sesquiterpene Lactone. Symptoms: Weakness, incoordination, vomiting, salvation, diarrhea. Toxic Parts: Leaves, flowers, seeds Treatments:Cathartics (laxative). Toxicity Level: Unknown
Plant Description: Erect, upper branching plant annual, 10-1 inches tall with yellow flowers. Origin: USA, Mode:Ingestion Toxin: Sesquiterpene Lactone Symptoms: Weakness, incoordination, vomiting, salvation, diarrhea. Toxic Parts: Leaves, flowers, seeds
Figure3. Black Cherry, Wild Cherry
Plant Description: Deciduous tree, leaves alternate and flowers in an enlongated cluster. Habitat: Southern states (GA, FL etc.) Mode: Ingestion Toxin: Cyanogenic glycoside, amygdalin.
Symptoms: Gasping, weakness, excitement, pupil dilation, spasms and convulsions. Toxic Parts: Wilted leaves, twigs and seeds. Treatment: Intravenous injections of sodium nitrate and sodium thiosulfate. Toxicity Level: Extreme
Figure4. Boxwood Plant Description:Evergreen shrub with simple, leathery leaves which are commonly used as hedge plants. Habitat: USA Mode: Ingestion and dermatitis. Toxins: Steroidal alkaloids. Symptoms: abdominal pains, vomiting, diarrhea. Toxic Parts: Leaves and twigs. Treatment: Induce vomiting or gastric. lavage Toxicity Level:Low
Figure5. Bracken Fern
Plant Description: Coarse plant with slender, woody branches and rhizomes. Habitat: All southern states. Mode: Ingestion Toxins:Thiaminase cyanide carcinogen. Symptoms: Breathing difficulties, weight loss, bleeding disorders. Toxic Parts: All parts Treatment:Saline purgative, bland oils, thiamine-chloride IV. Toxicity Level: Moderate
Figure6. Burdock Plant Description: Burs that are spherical shaped. Habitat: USA Mode: Mechanical injury. Toxins: None Symptoms: causes dermatitis Toxic Parts: Burs Treatment:Remove burs. Toxicity Level: Low irritant
Figure7. Buttercup Plant Description:Perennial or annual herbs, yellow flower. Habitat:USA Mode:Ingestion, dermatitis. Toxins:An oily glycoside and ranunculin. Symptoms: Burning of mouth, abdominal pain, vomiting and bloody diarrhea.
Toxic Parts: All Treatment: Non-specific, give purgatives initially. Toxicity Level: Low
Figure 9 CherryLaurel
Figure 8. CastorBean Plant Description:Shrub-likes with purplish stems. Habitat: Most southern states. Mode: Ingestion and allergic reaction. Toxins: Ricin and ricinine. Symptoms:Nausea, vomiting, abdominal and bloody diarrhea. Toxic Parts: Broken seeds. Treatment: Try neutralizing the toxin with vegetable oil, whole milk, cream or activated charcoal . Toxicity Level: Extreme
Plant Description: Small to medium size tree, ripe fruit dull black Habitat:USA Mode: Ingestion Toxins: Resinoid andromedotoxin, glucoside arbutin. Symptoms:Incoordination, excessive salivation, vomiting, weakness. Toxic Parts: Leaves, bark, fruit and seeds Treatment:Induce vomiting or gastric lavage. Toxicity Level: Extreme
Figure 10.ChiliPeppers
Plant Description: Perennial herbs with smooth edges, elliptical or oval, leaves. Habitat: Central, north and south America. Mode: Ingestion or skin contact. Toxins: Capsacin and other derivatives . Symptoms: Digestive upset, burnin mucous membranes. Toxic Parts: Fruits and seeds of the chili peppers.
Treatment: For eyes, flush with water, use demulcents such as milk or ice to relieve burning. Toxicity Level:Unknown
Figure 11.Chinaberry
Plant Description: Medium size deciduous tree, showy, light-bluish-purple flowers. Habitat: Southern Asia, VA, CA, TX, FL. Mode: Ingestion Toxins: Tetranortriterpene neurotoxins and unidentified resins. Symptoms: faintness, lack of coordination, diarrhea, vomiting, paralysis and death. Toxic Parts: Leaves, bark and fruit. Treatment: Induce vomiting or perform gastric lavage. Toxicity Level: Extreme
Figure12. Coffeeweed, Coffee senn
Plant Description: Branched, annual herb, leaves alternate and yellow flowers. Habitat: USA Mode: Ingestion Symptoms: Diarrhea, tremors, dark brown urine. Toxic Parts: All parts; seeds, roots, leaves, fruit. Treatment: Treatment ineffective. Toxicity Level: Moderate
Figure 13.CommonCocklebur
Plant Description: Coarse herbaceous annual. Habitat: USA Mode:Ingestion Toxins: Carboxyztractyloside Symptoms:Anorexia, reduces responsiveness, vomiting, rapid pulse. Toxic Parts: Cotyledon and seeds. Treatment: Treatment is not effective when symptoms have been observed. Toxicity Level:Extreme
Figure 14.CurlyDock
Plant Description: Leaves mainly basal, simple flowers, reddish fruit. Habitat: USA Mode: Ingestion, Dermatitis Toxins: Soluble oxalates Symptoms: Nausea, stomach cramps, vomiting, headache. Toxic Parts: Leaves Treatment:IV Calcium Gluconate, magnesium sulfate, glucose and a balanced electrolyte. Toxicity Level:Low
Figure 15.Crotalaria
Plant Description: Herbaceous annual with yellow pea-like flowers in showy clusters. Habitat: Southern states, FL, VA, MO Mode:Ingestion Toxins: Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids Symptoms: Loss of appetite, salvation. Toxic Parts: Seeds, leaves, and stems.
Treatment: No specific treatment except for supportive therapy for digestive upset and liver damage. Toxicity Level:Toxic if eaten in large quantities.
Figure 16.EasternBaccharis
Plant Description: Branched shrub or small tree, leaves alternate, flowers and fruits have many white bristles. Habitat: FL, VA and TX Mode:Ingestion, allergenic Toxins: Cardioactive Glycoside Symptoms: Staggering, trembling, convulsions, diarrhea and other gastrointestinal symptoms. Toxic Parts: Leaves Treatment: No specific treatment Toxicity Level:Unknown
Figure 17.Elderberry
Plant Description: Tall deciduous bushes, compound leaves and small red , bluish or purple-black berries. Habitat: Alaska, CA, NM, FL, GA, LA Mode: Ingestion Toxins: Alakaloid and cyanogenic glycoside Symptoms: Nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. Toxic Parts: Roots, stems, bark and leaves. Treatment: Induce vomiting or gastric lavage. Toxicity Level: Low
Figure 18.Devil’sTrumpet
Plant Description: Shrub-like, annual herb with purple stems, leaves alternate simple Habitat: Florida Mode: Ingestion Toxins: Tropane alkaloids Symptoms: Hot, dry and flushed skin etc. Toxic Parts: All parts Treatment: Unknown Toxicity Level: High
Figure 19.Habenero Plant Description: Round fleshy peppers Habitat:Latin and North America, TX, CA and FL. Mode: Ingestion or skin irritant Toxins:Capsaicin and Derivatives Symptoms: Burning or stinging mouth, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. Toxic Parts: Seeds, and fruit. Treatment: Milk or water Toxicity Level:Unknown
Figure 20.HairyVetch Plant Description: 4-6 ft with hairy stems and leaves. The flowers are purplish.
Habitat: Europe and USA Mode: Ingestion and skin irritant. Toxins: Cyanide Symptoms: Diarrhea, poor appetite Toxic Parts: Seeds Treatment: Sodium thiosulfate nitrate and antibiotics. Toxicity Level: Unknown
Figure 21.Honeysuckle
Plant Description:Shrub or twining vines Habitat: North America and Europe Mode Ingestion Toxins: Viburnin, tannin, saponin and coumarin. Symptoms: Restlessness, vomiting, constipation, cyanosis and rapid pulse Toxic Parts: Berries Treatment: Laxative Toxicity Level: Unknown
Figure 22. Jimsonweed
Plant Description: Foul-smelling, glabrous annual, 0.5 to 1.5m tall, with green or purple tinged stems. Habitat: Throughout the south. Mode: Ingestion Toxins:Alkaloids atropine, hyoscyamine and scopolamine Symptoms: Weak rapid pulse and heartbeat. Toxic Parts: All parts, particular the seeds Treatment:: Nonspecific. Use tannic acid, gastric lavage and respiratory stimulants. Toxicity Levels:Extreme
Figure 23.Johnson grass
Plant Description: Coarse grass up to 2 m tall with stout rhizomes, appearing in dense clumps or nearly solid stands. Habitat: Southern states Mode: Ingestion Toxins:Cyanide Symptoms: Difficult breathing, anxious expression, staggering, convulsions and die. Toxic Parts: All parts when exposed to frost, drought. Treatment:: Sodium thiosulfate and sodium nitrate intravenously.
Toxicity Level: Low
Figure 24.Lantana Plant Description: Erect or spreading shrub, 0.5 to 1.2m tall., flowers are initially cream, yellow or pink changing to orange or scarlet. Habitat: From Florida to Texas Mode: Ingestion Toxins: Lantanin Symptoms: Severe weakness, paralysis of limbs and death Toxic Parts: All parts Treatment: Remove animal from sunlight and antibiotics Toxicity Level:Extreme
Figure 25.Milkweed
Plant Description: perennial herbs with milky sap from thick rootstocks or rhizomes. Habitat: Southern states Mode: Ingestion Symptoms: Staggering, depression, weakness, labored respiration and dilated pupils. Toxic Parts: All parts Treatment: Use Laxatives and intravenous fluids. Toxicity Level:Moderate
Figure 27. Poison Sumac
Erect or spreading
Figure 26.Nightshade Plant Description:Slender vine, deep purple potato-like flowers and red berries. Habitat:FL, GA, AL Mode:Ingestion Toxins: Solanine, alkaloidal glycoside Symptoms: Toxic Parts: All Parts Treatment: Induce vomiting or gastric lavage Toxicity Level: Extreme
Plant Description: Shrub or small tree 4 or 5m tall. Habitat:Southern states Mode: Skin and eye irritant Toxins: Urushiol Symptom:Skin irritant Toxic Parts :All parts Treatment: Consult a veterinarian Toxicity Level:Skin irritant extreme
Figure 28.Pokeweed Plant Description: A large, smooth, branching herb, white flowers, dark purple berry. Origin:Southern states Mode:Ingestion Toxins: Phytolaccatoxin and related triterpene saponins, an alkaloid and histamines. Symptoms: Burning mouth and throat, salivation, severe stomach irritation can be fatal. Toxic Parts: All parts Treatment:Mineral oil or various clays. Toxicity Level: Extreme
Figure 29.Potato
Plant Description: Tuber-bearing herbaceous perennials with dark green, compound leaves and clustered whitish to purplish flowers Habitat: North and South American, Europe and USSR. Mode:Ingestions Toxins:Glycoalkaloid solamine Symptoms: Severe abdominal pain, diarrhea, fever, sweating, headache, delirium, coma. Toxic Parts: Sprouts, green tubers and berries Treatment: Induce vomiting or gastric lavage. Toxicity Level: Extreme
Figure 31.RedrootPigweed
Plant DescriptionLarge coarse annual herb, 1 to 1.5m tall, green flowers. Habitat: Southern states Mode: Ingestion Symptoms: Weakness, trembling, incoordination, death. Toxic Parts: Leaves Treatment: Mineral-corticoid hormones, IV caloium gluconates Toxicity Level: Extreme
Figure 32.St.John’s Worts Plant Description: Perennial herb, dark yellow flower, plant 1-1.2m long. Habitat: Southern states Mode:Ingestion Symptoms: Hypersensitive to the light, itching, scratching. Toxic Parts: Leaves Treatment: Provide shade, antibacterial preparation and antibiotics. Toxicity Level:Low and Moderate.
Figure 32.Stinging Nettle Plant Description:Stinging hairs, narrow heart shaped flowers, greenish in color. Habitat: USA Mode:Skin irritant
Toxins: Mixture of chemical , not well understood Symptoms: Skin irritation minor, or lasting for only a few minutes. Toxic Parts: Stems and Leaves Treatment: Remove animal from affected area. Toxicity Level: Low
Figure 33.SweetShrub Plant Description :Shrub with branches, 1 to 3m tall, strap-like petals. Habitat:FL, AL,GA, MS, TN and VA. Mode: Ingestion Toxins:Calycanthin and alakaloid. Symptoms: Increased excitability and sedatives. Toxic Parts: Seeds Treatment:Use sedatives to control convulsions. Toxicity Level: Toxic if eaten in large quantities.
Figure 34.Tung Oil Tree
Plant Description :Deciduous tree, heart shaped flowers; pale pink and white. Toxins:China, Fl. Mode:Ingestion Toxins:Glycoside phytoxin Symptoms: Severe stomach pain, diarrhea, weakness. Toxic Parts: All parts, mostly seeds. Treatment: Induce vomiting or gastric lavage Toxicity Level:Extreme
Figure 35.Virginia Creeper
Plant Description:Climbing vine, fruit a dark blue berry. Habitat: USA, FL, NC Mode: Ingestion Toxins:Oxalic acid Symptoms: Nausea, abdominal pain, bloody vomit, diarrhea. Toxic Parts: Berries Treatment: Induce vomiting or gastric lavage. Toxicity Level:Extreme
Figure 36.YellowJessamine
Plant Description: Climbing perennial vine with yellow showy flowers. Habitat: South Mode: Ingestion Symptoms: Stagger incoordination, dilated pupils, convulsions, coma, death. Toxic Parts: All parts Treatment:Alkaloids Toxicity Level:Extreme
A Final Note It is not possible to determine the edibility of a plant by watching which ones the animals appear to have a preference for because what is poisonous to one animal may not be for another irregardless if they are of the same species. Ruminants have a chemical factory inside of them that is enables them to eliminate harmful substances by microbial activity. These organisms are able to reduce toxic compounds into innocuous ones before they are further utilized by the body. However, this does not always hold true for every animal within the same species. Younger ruminants tend to have difficulty in developing a resistance to toxins in poisonous plants while older animals have developed a resistance to some toxins in plants overtime. Therefore, the individual animal’s response to a poisonous plant varies greatly. The best policy to adopt on your farm is the following: (1.) keep the herd away from poisonous plants as much as possible, (2.) provide a balance ration for your herd, (3.) observe your herd
daily for signs of illness, (4) maintain an adequate stocking rate, (5.) have a plan on how you will manage your herd during a drought, (6.) don’t dispose yard wastage in your goat pens without checking it out first, be aware of what is growing in your pastures and woodland areas, (6) learn when certain plants are toxic on your farm and (7.) keep all chemicals and feed out of the reach of your livestock.
Figure1. Azaleas or Rhododendrons
Plant Description: Evergreen or deciduous shrubs, funnel-shape flowers various colors. Habitat: Temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. Mode: Ingestion Toxin: Andromedotoxin Symptoms: Burning of mouth, salivation, watery eyes, running nose, convulsions and death. Toxic:All parts Treatment: Induce vomiting or gastric lavage. Toxic Level: Extreme
Figure2. Bitter Sneezeweed
Toxic Parts: Plant Description: All Parts Erect, upper Toxic Parts: branching plant annual, 10-1 inches tall All Parts with yellow flowers. Toxic Parts: Habitat: USA, All Parts Treatment: Mode:Ingestion Induce vomiting or gastric lavage. Toxin: Sesquiterpene Lactone. Symptoms: Weakness, incoordination, vomiting, salvation, diarrhea. Toxic Parts: Leaves, flowers, seeds Treatments:Cathartics (laxative). Toxicity Level: Unknown
Plant Description: Erect, upper branching plant annual, 10-1 inches tall with yellow flowers. Origin: USA, Mode:Ingestion Toxin: Sesquiterpene Lactone Symptoms: Weakness, incoordination, vomiting, salvation, diarrhea. Toxic Parts: Leaves, flowers, seeds
Figure3. Black Cherry, Wild Cherry
Plant Description: Deciduous tree, leaves alternate and flowers in an enlongated cluster. Habitat: Southern states (GA, FL etc.) Mode: Ingestion Toxin: Cyanogenic glycoside, amygdalin.
Symptoms: Gasping, weakness, excitement, pupil dilation, spasms and convulsions. Toxic Parts: Wilted leaves, twigs and seeds. Treatment: Intravenous injections of sodium nitrate and sodium thiosulfate. Toxicity Level: Extreme
Figure4. Boxwood Plant Description:Evergreen shrub with simple, leathery leaves which are commonly used as hedge plants. Habitat: USA Mode: Ingestion and dermatitis. Toxins: Steroidal alkaloids. Symptoms: abdominal pains, vomiting, diarrhea. Toxic Parts: Leaves and twigs. Treatment: Induce vomiting or gastric. lavage Toxicity Level:Low
Figure5. Bracken Fern
Plant Description: Coarse plant with slender, woody branches and rhizomes. Habitat: All southern states. Mode: Ingestion Toxins:Thiaminase cyanide carcinogen. Symptoms: Breathing difficulties, weight loss, bleeding disorders. Toxic Parts: All parts Treatment:Saline purgative, bland oils, thiamine-chloride IV. Toxicity Level: Moderate
Figure6. Burdock Plant Description: Burs that are spherical shaped. Habitat: USA Mode: Mechanical injury. Toxins: None Symptoms: causes dermatitis Toxic Parts: Burs Treatment:Remove burs. Toxicity Level: Low irritant
Figure7. Buttercup Plant Description:Perennial or annual herbs, yellow flower. Habitat:USA Mode:Ingestion, dermatitis. Toxins:An oily glycoside and ranunculin. Symptoms: Burning of mouth, abdominal pain, vomiting and bloody diarrhea.
Toxic Parts: All Treatment: Non-specific, give purgatives initially. Toxicity Level: Low
Figure 9 CherryLaurel
Figure 8. CastorBean Plant Description:Shrub-likes with purplish stems. Habitat: Most southern states. Mode: Ingestion and allergic reaction. Toxins: Ricin and ricinine. Symptoms:Nausea, vomiting, abdominal and bloody diarrhea. Toxic Parts: Broken seeds. Treatment: Try neutralizing the toxin with vegetable oil, whole milk, cream or activated charcoal . Toxicity Level: Extreme
Plant Description: Small to medium size tree, ripe fruit dull black Habitat:USA Mode: Ingestion Toxins: Resinoid andromedotoxin, glucoside arbutin. Symptoms:Incoordination, excessive salivation, vomiting, weakness. Toxic Parts: Leaves, bark, fruit and seeds Treatment:Induce vomiting or gastric lavage. Toxicity Level: Extreme
Figure 10.ChiliPeppers
Plant Description: Perennial herbs with smooth edges, elliptical or oval, leaves. Habitat: Central, north and south America. Mode: Ingestion or skin contact. Toxins: Capsacin and other derivatives . Symptoms: Digestive upset, burnin mucous membranes. Toxic Parts: Fruits and seeds of the chili peppers.
Treatment: For eyes, flush with water, use demulcents such as milk or ice to relieve burning. Toxicity Level:Unknown
Figure 11.Chinaberry
Plant Description: Medium size deciduous tree, showy, light-bluish-purple flowers. Habitat: Southern Asia, VA, CA, TX, FL. Mode: Ingestion Toxins: Tetranortriterpene neurotoxins and unidentified resins. Symptoms: faintness, lack of coordination, diarrhea, vomiting, paralysis and death. Toxic Parts: Leaves, bark and fruit. Treatment: Induce vomiting or perform gastric lavage. Toxicity Level: Extreme
Figure12. Coffeeweed, Coffee senn
Plant Description: Branched, annual herb, leaves alternate and yellow flowers. Habitat: USA Mode: Ingestion Symptoms: Diarrhea, tremors, dark brown urine. Toxic Parts: All parts; seeds, roots, leaves, fruit. Treatment: Treatment ineffective. Toxicity Level: Moderate
Figure 13.CommonCocklebur
Plant Description: Coarse herbaceous annual. Habitat: USA Mode:Ingestion Toxins: Carboxyztractyloside Symptoms:Anorexia, reduces responsiveness, vomiting, rapid pulse. Toxic Parts: Cotyledon and seeds. Treatment: Treatment is not effective when symptoms have been observed. Toxicity Level:Extreme
Figure 14.CurlyDock
Plant Description: Leaves mainly basal, simple flowers, reddish fruit. Habitat: USA Mode: Ingestion, Dermatitis Toxins: Soluble oxalates Symptoms: Nausea, stomach cramps, vomiting, headache. Toxic Parts: Leaves Treatment:IV Calcium Gluconate, magnesium sulfate, glucose and a balanced electrolyte. Toxicity Level:Low
Figure 15.Crotalaria
Plant Description: Herbaceous annual with yellow pea-like flowers in showy clusters. Habitat: Southern states, FL, VA, MO Mode:Ingestion Toxins: Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids Symptoms: Loss of appetite, salvation. Toxic Parts: Seeds, leaves, and stems.
Treatment: No specific treatment except for supportive therapy for digestive upset and liver damage. Toxicity Level:Toxic if eaten in large quantities.
Figure 16.EasternBaccharis
Plant Description: Branched shrub or small tree, leaves alternate, flowers and fruits have many white bristles. Habitat: FL, VA and TX Mode:Ingestion, allergenic Toxins: Cardioactive Glycoside Symptoms: Staggering, trembling, convulsions, diarrhea and other gastrointestinal symptoms. Toxic Parts: Leaves Treatment: No specific treatment Toxicity Level:Unknown
Figure 17.Elderberry
Plant Description: Tall deciduous bushes, compound leaves and small red , bluish or purple-black berries. Habitat: Alaska, CA, NM, FL, GA, LA Mode: Ingestion Toxins: Alakaloid and cyanogenic glycoside Symptoms: Nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. Toxic Parts: Roots, stems, bark and leaves. Treatment: Induce vomiting or gastric lavage. Toxicity Level: Low
Figure 18.Devil’sTrumpet
Plant Description: Shrub-like, annual herb with purple stems, leaves alternate simple Habitat: Florida Mode: Ingestion Toxins: Tropane alkaloids Symptoms: Hot, dry and flushed skin etc. Toxic Parts: All parts Treatment: Unknown Toxicity Level: High
Figure 19.Habenero Plant Description: Round fleshy peppers Habitat:Latin and North America, TX, CA and FL. Mode: Ingestion or skin irritant Toxins:Capsaicin and Derivatives Symptoms: Burning or stinging mouth, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. Toxic Parts: Seeds, and fruit. Treatment: Milk or water Toxicity Level:Unknown
Figure 20.HairyVetch Plant Description: 4-6 ft with hairy stems and leaves. The flowers are purplish.
Habitat: Europe and USA Mode: Ingestion and skin irritant. Toxins: Cyanide Symptoms: Diarrhea, poor appetite Toxic Parts: Seeds Treatment: Sodium thiosulfate nitrate and antibiotics. Toxicity Level: Unknown
Figure 21.Honeysuckle
Plant Description:Shrub or twining vines Habitat: North America and Europe Mode Ingestion Toxins: Viburnin, tannin, saponin and coumarin. Symptoms: Restlessness, vomiting, constipation, cyanosis and rapid pulse Toxic Parts: Berries Treatment: Laxative Toxicity Level: Unknown
Figure 22. Jimsonweed
Plant Description: Foul-smelling, glabrous annual, 0.5 to 1.5m tall, with green or purple tinged stems. Habitat: Throughout the south. Mode: Ingestion Toxins:Alkaloids atropine, hyoscyamine and scopolamine Symptoms: Weak rapid pulse and heartbeat. Toxic Parts: All parts, particular the seeds Treatment:: Nonspecific. Use tannic acid, gastric lavage and respiratory stimulants. Toxicity Levels:Extreme
Figure 23.Johnson grass
Plant Description: Coarse grass up to 2 m tall with stout rhizomes, appearing in dense clumps or nearly solid stands. Habitat: Southern states Mode: Ingestion Toxins:Cyanide Symptoms: Difficult breathing, anxious expression, staggering, convulsions and die. Toxic Parts: All parts when exposed to frost, drought. Treatment:: Sodium thiosulfate and sodium nitrate intravenously.
Toxicity Level: Low
Figure 24.Lantana Plant Description: Erect or spreading shrub, 0.5 to 1.2m tall., flowers are initially cream, yellow or pink changing to orange or scarlet. Habitat: From Florida to Texas Mode: Ingestion Toxins: Lantanin Symptoms: Severe weakness, paralysis of limbs and death Toxic Parts: All parts Treatment: Remove animal from sunlight and antibiotics Toxicity Level:Extreme
Figure 25.Milkweed
Plant Description: perennial herbs with milky sap from thick rootstocks or rhizomes. Habitat: Southern states Mode: Ingestion Symptoms: Staggering, depression, weakness, labored respiration and dilated pupils. Toxic Parts: All parts Treatment: Use Laxatives and intravenous fluids. Toxicity Level:Moderate
Figure 27. Poison Sumac
Erect or spreading
Figure 26.Nightshade Plant Description:Slender vine, deep purple potato-like flowers and red berries. Habitat:FL, GA, AL Mode:Ingestion Toxins: Solanine, alkaloidal glycoside Symptoms: Toxic Parts: All Parts Treatment: Induce vomiting or gastric lavage Toxicity Level: Extreme
Plant Description: Shrub or small tree 4 or 5m tall. Habitat:Southern states Mode: Skin and eye irritant Toxins: Urushiol Symptom:Skin irritant Toxic Parts :All parts Treatment: Consult a veterinarian Toxicity Level:Skin irritant extreme
Figure 28.Pokeweed Plant Description: A large, smooth, branching herb, white flowers, dark purple berry. Origin:Southern states Mode:Ingestion Toxins: Phytolaccatoxin and related triterpene saponins, an alkaloid and histamines. Symptoms: Burning mouth and throat, salivation, severe stomach irritation can be fatal. Toxic Parts: All parts Treatment:Mineral oil or various clays. Toxicity Level: Extreme
Figure 29.Potato
Plant Description: Tuber-bearing herbaceous perennials with dark green, compound leaves and clustered whitish to purplish flowers Habitat: North and South American, Europe and USSR. Mode:Ingestions Toxins:Glycoalkaloid solamine Symptoms: Severe abdominal pain, diarrhea, fever, sweating, headache, delirium, coma. Toxic Parts: Sprouts, green tubers and berries Treatment: Induce vomiting or gastric lavage. Toxicity Level: Extreme
Figure 31.RedrootPigweed
Plant DescriptionLarge coarse annual herb, 1 to 1.5m tall, green flowers. Habitat: Southern states Mode: Ingestion Symptoms: Weakness, trembling, incoordination, death. Toxic Parts: Leaves Treatment: Mineral-corticoid hormones, IV caloium gluconates Toxicity Level: Extreme
Figure 32.St.John’s Worts Plant Description: Perennial herb, dark yellow flower, plant 1-1.2m long. Habitat: Southern states Mode:Ingestion Symptoms: Hypersensitive to the light, itching, scratching. Toxic Parts: Leaves Treatment: Provide shade, antibacterial preparation and antibiotics. Toxicity Level:Low and Moderate.
Figure 32.Stinging Nettle Plant Description:Stinging hairs, narrow heart shaped flowers, greenish in color. Habitat: USA Mode:Skin irritant
Toxins: Mixture of chemical , not well understood Symptoms: Skin irritation minor, or lasting for only a few minutes. Toxic Parts: Stems and Leaves Treatment: Remove animal from affected area. Toxicity Level: Low
Figure 33.SweetShrub Plant Description :Shrub with branches, 1 to 3m tall, strap-like petals. Habitat:FL, AL,GA, MS, TN and VA. Mode: Ingestion Toxins:Calycanthin and alakaloid. Symptoms: Increased excitability and sedatives. Toxic Parts: Seeds Treatment:Use sedatives to control convulsions. Toxicity Level: Toxic if eaten in large quantities.
Figure 34.Tung Oil Tree
Plant Description :Deciduous tree, heart shaped flowers; pale pink and white. Toxins:China, Fl. Mode:Ingestion Toxins:Glycoside phytoxin Symptoms: Severe stomach pain, diarrhea, weakness. Toxic Parts: All parts, mostly seeds. Treatment: Induce vomiting or gastric lavage Toxicity Level:Extreme
Figure 35.Virginia Creeper
Plant Description:Climbing vine, fruit a dark blue berry. Habitat: USA, FL, NC Mode: Ingestion Toxins:Oxalic acid Symptoms: Nausea, abdominal pain, bloody vomit, diarrhea. Toxic Parts: Berries Treatment: Induce vomiting or gastric lavage. Toxicity Level:Extreme
Figure 36.YellowJessamine
Plant Description: Climbing perennial vine with yellow showy flowers. Habitat: South Mode: Ingestion Symptoms: Stagger incoordination, dilated pupils, convulsions, coma, death. Toxic Parts: All parts Treatment:Alkaloids Toxicity Level:Extreme
A Final Note It is not possible to determine the edibility of a plant by watching which ones the animals appear to have a preference for because what is poisonous to one animal may not be for another irregardless if they are of the same species. Ruminants have a chemical factory inside of them that is enables them to eliminate harmful substances by microbial activity. These organisms are able to reduce toxic compounds into innocuous ones before they are further utilized by the body. However, this does not always hold true for every animal within the same species. Younger ruminants tend to have difficulty in developing a resistance to toxins in poisonous plants while older animals have developed a resistance to some toxins in plants overtime. Therefore, the individual animal’s response to a poisonous plant varies greatly. The best policy to adopt on your farm is the following: (1.) keep the herd away from poisonous plants as much as possible, (2.) provide a balance ration for your herd, (3.) observe your herd
daily for signs of illness, (4) maintain an adequate stocking rate, (5.) have a plan on how you will manage your herd during a drought, (6.) don’t dispose yard wastage in your goat pens without checking it out first, be aware of what is growing in your pastures and woodland areas, (6) learn when certain plants are toxic on your farm and (7.) keep all chemicals and feed out of the reach of your livestock.
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